Daylight Savings

By Gary Orlando

Benjamin Franklin, one of our most famous forefathers and a great inventor, was the first person to conceive of the idea of a "Daylight Saving Time." (Many people today mistakenly refer to it as "Daylight Savings Time.) He first spoke of the idea publicly in an essay titled "An Economical Project" which he conveyed as an American delegate while in Paris in 1784. His original intent with the essay was to be whimsical, by poking fun at the tendency of the French to sleep until noon. The essay pointed out that if 100,000 Parisian families burned half a pound of candles per hour for an average of seven hours per day, they would use a total of 64,050,000 pounds of candle wax, costing an immense sum of money that the city of Paris could save every year by implementing a Daylight Saving Time.

Although Franklin’s original intent was to be humorous and witty, friends and fellow inventors were so fascinated by the idea that they continued to talk with him about it after he had returned from Paris. Then in London, around 1907, a builder named William Willett was the first to seriously try to persuade officials that setting clocks ahead by 20 minutes on each of the four Sundays in April and retarding them by the same amount on the four Sundays in September would be beneficial to everyone in helping get some extra daylight time over the summer for work. Willett lobbied mightily and spent a fortune trying to convince others, but most just laughed at him and he died about one year before it became a reality.

During World War I, in an effort to conserve fuel needed to produce electric power, Germany and Austria began saving daylight by advancing the hands of the clock one hour from April through October. This 1916 action was immediately followed by Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, Tasmania, Nova Scotia, and Manitoba. Following the lead from Germany, on May 17, 1916, England passed into law that Daylight Saving Time would start on May 21, and all clocks would be advanced ahead one hour on the first Sunday of May and retarded by one hour on the last Sunday of October. In 1917, Australia, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia also initiated Daylight Saving Time. Whether or not this had anything to do with improving the efficiency of the war effort is still debated, but the idea took hold and stuck. The United States soon followed, in 1918, although the Royal Metrological Society insisted that Greenwich Time still be used for tide measurements.

After the end of WWI, however, the law proved to be unpopular in the United States, mostly because people rose earlier and went to bed earlier than we do to day, and the law was repealed in 1919. It became instead a local option and was continued in a few states and some cities. Today, Daylight Saving Time for the U.S. and its territories is NOT observed in Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It is also not observed in most of the Eastern Time Zone portion of the state of Indiana, and the state of Arizona—with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation, which does observe. The Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy due to its large size and location in three states.

Just as sunflowers turn their heads to catch every single sunbeam and get the most out of it, we humans have also discovered a simple way to save energy and enjoy the sun longer in the summertime by switching our clocks an hour forward. This weekend, as we enter our annual Daylight Saving Time, clocks in the United States will spring forward from 1:59 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. In the EU, clocks change at 1 a.m. Universal Time.

Interesting Note:
England was the first to establish a regional time zone—a single time throughout a region—in 1847. This was spurred on by railway officials as a much better way to set schedules for trains that traveled in and out of various time regions. Prior to this, time setting was left up to individual cities to deal with the matter as they saw fit, usually by solar means, and the same system was in place in the United States. As in England, the railway also wanted some standardization in America and Canada. So in 1883 the U.S. adopted its own time zones.

http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=2144

Daylight Saving Time Costs Nation $1.7 Billion
Economists typically value the opportunity cost of a person’s time at his or her wage rate. The U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the average American’s hourly wage was $17.57 in September 2007. Assuming that it takes everyone 10 minutes to move all of their clocks and watches forward or backward by an hour, the opportunity cost of doing so works out to $2.93 per person. Multiplying that number by the total U.S. population (excluding Arizona) yields a one-time opportunity cost for the nation of just under $860 million—or, to be more precise, $858,274,802. Since clocks must be changed twice every year, this back-of-the-envelope calculation must be doubled, to approximately $1.7 billion annually.

There are other costs associated with adjusting to DST and standard time as well. For example, the time changes interrupt our circadian rhythms—that is, our daily biological patterns—and productivity inevitably falls in the days following the switch, as people report groggily to work.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time

DST's occasional clock shifts present other challenges. They complicate timekeeping and can disrupt meetings, travel, billing, recordkeeping, medical devices, and heavy equipment. Many computer-based systems can adjust their clocks automatically, but this can be limited and error-prone, particularly when DST rules change.

http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-08-daylight-saving-time_N.htm

Matthew J. Kotchen, a professor of environmental economics at the University of California in Santa Barbara, and Laura E. Grant, a doctoral student in the same field, studied the effects of daylight saving in Indiana, where some counties used it and others did not. The states changed the law two years ago so that all counties now use daylight saving time.

In an interview, Kotchen said using residential electricity bills for Indiana, he and Grant found that daylight saving time reduced electricity use for lighting but that more was used for air conditioning in the summer and heating in the fall than was saved.

There just aren't the benefits there may have been at one time.

That is a mileage may vary statement.

Depends on the State really.